When the estimate is accurate vs when it isn't
For English prose with GPT models, the count is exact (we use the real tokenizer). For Claude, we apply a ~+5% multiplier based on empirical observation against Anthropic's tokenizer; for Gemini, a ~-2% multiplier. Code, JSON and CJK can vary further. For exact production accounting, use the vendor's official tokenizer (e.g. anthropic-tokenizer for Claude); this tool is for fast 'roughly how much will this cost?' decisions and side-by-side model comparison.